(Here is the list of all web pages from this
server, arranged by language (in 8 languages).
Choose the page that interests you by
dragging scroll bars, then click on this
page to run it:)
(The same list can be displayed from
"Menu 1" by clicking over there on the
item
"Menu 2".)
Here is the list of all my web pages from all servers.
These are arranged primarily by language
(i.e. as web pages in Polish,
English, German,
French, Spanish,
Italian, Greek, and
Russian.) For each language web pages are
arranged by their subjects.
Choose the page that interests you by dragging scroll bars, then click on this
page to run it:
(The same list can be displayed from
"Menu 1" by clicking over there on the
item
"Menu 4".)
A. Here is a brief history of the first manned aeroplane on Earth,
build by a Polish/Russian inventor named Aleksander Możajski (1825-1890):
Every invention that was successfully implemented
on Earth and widely publicised amongst people, lifts the civilisation level of the
entire humanity. So it practically lifts also the quality of everyday living for each
single one of us. For this reason, inventors whose genius, inquisitiveness of the mind,
research, courage, efforts, and dedication contributed towards the development and
implementation of any new invention, are prevented from being forgotten either by the
appreciative humanity, or by the nation for which they served with their inventions.
This internet page assumes the honourable task of preventing from being forgotten
another such an inventor which diminishes gradually from the human memory. He is a
Pole but simultaneously also a Russian, named Aleksander Teodorowicz Możajski (in
the original Russian spelling it reads Алекса́ндр
Ф. Можа́йский,
in turn English-speaking people usually spell his name as "Aleksandr Fyodorovich Mozhaiski",
or as "Alexandr Fyodorovich Mozhaisky").
(Możajski was one
of these special people in the history of Earth, who were gifted by the fate with
having two nationalities simultaneously. Namely, he was a Pole by birth, and a
Russian by law - for explanations of this double nationality see next item on
this web page.) Możajski build the first aeroplane on Earth that was successfully
flown by a human pilot. He constructed his refined aeroplane in 1882, means in
times when the most advanced machine was a steam locomotive. His aeroplane
lifted itself successfully into the air, then after the completion of various aerial acrobatics
and after the encircling flight, it landed on the same ramp from which it started the flight.
The first official (demonstration) flight of the Możajski aeroplane took place in
summer of 1882. So it was around 21 years before the famous flight of the aeroplane
of the Wright Brothers from the USA, and also around 20 years before the first
flight of the New Zealander named Richard Pearse. The fight of the Możajski
aeroplane was observed by hundreds
of witnesses, while the voluminous reports from this flight were published in newspapers
of the Tsar Russia. The flight took place on a military range in the settlement
called "Krasnoj Sielo" (in the original Russian spelling this name reads
Красной Село)
near Petersburg, in the Tsar Russia. It had a character of
an official demonstration of capabilities of the Możajski aeroplane to authorities
of the Tsar Russia. The aeroplane was piloted by especially trained pilot named
I. N. Golubev (in the original Russian spelling this name reads И. Н. Голубев). The extraordinary feature
of this first piloted aeroplane in the world, was that for rotating its three
propellers it used three very light, although especially efficient, steam engines.
Unfortunately, this first invention of the aeroplane in the world
was later squashed by bureaucrats of the Tsar Russia, and it was never able to
contribute towards the technical development of the entire humanity.
Until today this aeroplane is almost forgotten not only in Russia, but also in
Poland. So independently from presenting here a brief history of the Możajski
aeroplane, this web site tries also to answer an additional question
"why Możajski and his aeroplane have been forgotten so fast".
B. Why the aeroplane of Aleksander Możajski was forgotten:
From lessons of history we know, that the
aeroplane of American Wright Brothers become a huge technical accomplishment.
Immediately after the news about the completion of successful flights by this
aeroplane spread around the world, hundreds of other people started to duplicate
and improve this aeroplane. In this manner the aeroplane contributed directly
to the development of aviation on Earth, which starting from Wright Brothers
was carried out until the present level. In turn Wright Brothers become
international stars about which writes almost every book that is connected
somehow to the subject of aviation, and in the honour of which every year
various festivals are carried out. In turn the aeroplane of Możajski was
forgotten almost completely. Let us consider what were reasons for it to
become forgotten so fast. Here are the most important of these.
1. The discouragement of potential followers.
The Możajski aeroplane was not duplicated by anyone. The reason was that in his times it was
so advanced technically, that no-one saw any chance to duplicate it on his own (e.g. somewhere
on the back of his garage). It also was piloted by an especially trained military man, and
it required a special launching ramp for launching. (In fact Mozajski introduced
this ramp on purpose. As an officer in navy, he constructed his aeroplane in such
a manner, that it could lift off, and land on a deck of a military ship. This means
that already in such early times, his genius mind predicted the future military
benefits from the use of aircraft carriers). Unfortunately, because of this
technical refinement, his aeroplane was not acting upon the imagination of
other people, who would see themselves ascending in this aeroplane into the air from
a paddock near their house. In the result, the invention of Możajski was unable to
steer imagination of other people and to force them to follow up on his accomplishment
by building a sequence of similar aeroplanes. The Możajski's aeroplane turned out to
be a kind of historic meteorite, which flashed strongly only in times when it appeared.
But when the sensation induced by its appearance has levelled down, no-one tried to
duplicate it and to improve it further.
2. The technology of this aeroplane
was not open yet "for popular uprising". In times of constructing the Możajski's
aeroplane, the technology of its production was not ready for a popular implementation.
And so, the Możajski's aeroplane was using rather complicated steam engines (three
of them), which were especially light, but very powerful, yielding 20, 10, and 10
mechanical horses each. The complex technology
of producing these engines required that they were manufactured by a special
factory. For example the engines that were used in his first prototype aeroplane,
were manufactured (on his personal order) in England. Further improved version
of his engines were manufactured later in the Baltic Manufacturing Factory from
Petersburg. Similarly the aeroplane itself was also build by highly specialised
factories and with a significant cost. So it was NOT an aeroplane that could
be duplicated by other interested hobbyists somewhere on the back of their
garages (or rather on the back of their horse wagons' storage area, which
then was used instead of present garages).
3. There was no social need for aeroplanes.
As a device so complicated technically, the aeroplane of Możajski had a chance to be
duplicated only if there is some rich institution that would be interested in having
it and in a mass production of it. Although in his times existed such institutions,
unfortunately their decision makers were still thinking in categories of horse wagons.
These institutions were militaries, post office, and public transport. However,
Możajski was unable to convince bureaucrats from these institutions to invest into
his aeroplane and to make it useful for them. In the result, during
his lifetime there was no social need for aeroplanes. In turn, without such social
need for this flying machine, it had no chances to become commonly used.
4. The double nationality of Możajski
introduced ambiguities. Aleksander Możajski had rather untypical nationality
status. He belonged to two nationalities simultaneously. (Myself, i.e. Dr Jan
Pajak, can sympathise with him, as my own situation in the area of
nationality is similar to his. I am also a simultaneous carrier of two
nationalities, namely Polish and New Zealand. So I had opportunities to
experience in person how this works in practice.) In case of Możajski,
the reason for his double nationality was that he was born, lived,
and worked in times shortly after the last partition of Poland by
Russia, Prussia (Germany), and Austria. So during his lifetime Poland did NOT
exist at all. However, by birth he was a Pole, because he originated from a Polish family.
But simultaneously he was a Russian by law, because he was born in the part of former
Poland, which during the partition was taken by Russia. Also the entire his life
was in the Tsar Russia. He earned his technical education in Tsar Russia. In Tsar Russia
he worked and earned for living. Finally in the Tsar Russia he build his aeroplane
and accomplished first manned flights of it.
Unfortunately, the fact of double nationality
of Możajski exerted an undesirable impact on the maintenance of memories about the
accomplishments and contribution of this technical genius. It caused that presently
"no-one loves Możajski", and also "no-one acknowledges Możajski". As such, he
himself, and also his aeroplane, are being forgotten very fast. The reason for the
widespread ignorance of his accomplishments and contribution is very simple.
After all, in the legal sense he was a Russian citizen. Therefore Poland
and Poles treat him as a Russian citizen. They do not have national motivation
to promote his pioneer accomplishments. In turn Russia and Russians consider
him to be a Pole, who should be remembered and promoted by Poland and Poles.
Thus national interests of Russia and Russians also do not create motivations
to remember his accomplishments. In the result of this mutual pushing out
by both countries and nations the responsibility for remembering Możajski,
the first aeroplane that took off into the air from our planet is almost
completely forgotten until today. Thus neither Możajski, nor his aeroplane,
have today even a smallest monument or other permanent symbol that would
commemorate their existence and accomplishments. In turn old books and
newspapers which described his accomplishment gradually disappear from
the surface of Earth.
5. Russian alphabet. The problem
with Russian alphabet is, that in the majority of countries people are unable to
read it. It is only known by Russians and by people who live in the sphere of
influence of Russians. Therefore information about Możajski and his aeroplane,
which was published in Russian newspapers and books almost exclusively with
the use of Russian alphabet, could NOT be read by other nationals. As the result,
in spite that Możajski was very famous in Russia, outside of the Russian borders
practically no-one ever heard of him.
In order to understand better the type of
difficulties and the enormous confusion that the use of Russian alphabet introduces,
it is good to try to use any search engine (e.g. "google.com") in order to find
these sparse web pages that already exist about Możajski. It then turns out,
that in order to find these web pages, it is necessary to carry out searches
for a number of variations of spelling of Możajski's name. Here is several
examples of different spellings that are used for the surname and given names
of Możajski, together with web pages on which these spellings are used:
(5a) Aleksander Teodorowicz Możajski
(this is the original Polish spelling of his name - unfortunately in the Internet it is difficult to show this
name with the Polish letter "ż" that originally appears in it - therefore usually
it is written with the Latin "z" which replaces the Polish "ż"),
(5b) Можа́йский
Алекса́ндр
Федорович
(this is the original Russian spelling of his name expressed in Cyrillic
- notice that his father's name, which in Polish is spelled "Teodorowicz" and
means "a son of Theodore", in the Russian language is spelled Федорович and thus
it is usually translated into English as "Feodorovitch"),
(5c) Aleksandr Fyodorovich Mozhaiski
(this is the spelling of his name received after translating the Cyrillic
into the Latin alphabet),
(5d) Alexander Feodorovitch Mozhaiski
in which the English equivalent of his Christian name is used),
(5e) Alexandr Fyodorovich Mozhaisky
(this is the spelling of his name after the translation of Cyrillic into the
English alphabet),
(5f) Alexander Mozhaiskii
(this is another form of the English spelling of his name).
6. The stigmata of a looser.
Unfortunately, the Możajski aeroplane obtained the stigma of a "looser" with
the elapse of time. After all, it was NOT this aeroplane, but the aeroplane
of the Wright Brothers from the USA, that contributed permanently into the
technical development of humanity. So instead of analysing reasons for which
the Możajski aeroplane did NOT turn to be a success, and draw various useful
conclusion for the future from this amazing historic example - so that this
situation does NOT repeat itself again on Earth, people rather prefer to forget
about this looser. On the other hand, if we could learn something useful from
this defeat, then as a civilisation this looser-looser situation we would turn
into a win for all of us.
* * *
All this does NOT need to happen that way.
After all, Aleksander Możajski - means the genius Polish/Russian inventor whom
today no-one loves and no-one acknowledges, actually provides various reasons
for all of us to be proud of him. Means not only two his nations and countries,
Poland and Russia, should be proud of him, but also the entire humanity should
make a good use of his historic example, and draw from his case useful conclusions
for the future. After all Możajski was this man who has proven conclusively
that there is no such thing as technological
limits for new ideas.
He build a modern aeroplane in times when the most advanced machine on Earth
was a steam locomotive. In this way he has proven, that wherever a correct
new idea does exist, there are also technical capabilities to implement this
idea into everyday life. (In English there is a beautiful saying which
expresses this truth: "where there is a will, there is also a way".) A new
technical idea simply does NOT appear in times when it is impossible
to implement it. For example, present "hang gliders" could be implemented
already in times when Leonardo Da Vinci designed his wings. Only that
Leonardo Da Vinci had no perseverance and dedication of Możajski, to
find a way for practical implementing this his idea (but he implemented
practically many other ideas, for which he was better paid).
Notice that you can see an enlargement
of each photograph from this web site, simply by clicking on this photograph.
Most of the Internet browsers that you may use, including the Internet Explorer,
allow also to download each illustration
to your own computer, and then look at it, reduce or enlarge
the size of it, or print it with your own graphical software.
Figure 1: Here is the appearance of the Polish/Russian inventor,
Aleksander Możajski, a true pioneer of aviation, shown together
with his aeroplane on 6-kopieyka stamp of the USSR post, dated 1963.
Fig. 1b: Here is one more stamp issued by the USSR, which
illustrates the appearance of the Polish/Russian inventor,
Aleksander Możajski, the creator of the first aeroplane in
the world. This stamp was issued in 1975. It was priced 6
kopieyka.
Fig. 1c: A Mongolian stamp dated in 1990, issued on the occasion
of 100th anniversary of death of Aleksander Możajski. It depicts the
appearance of Możajski and his aeroplane.
Fig. 1d: How uneven is the treatment of outstanding people by Poland
and by Poles. The above stamp commemorates another genius from Poland,
named Maria Sklodowska-Curie (1867-1934). Similarly to Możajski, she
also was born in times when Poland did not exist as a country. So she
also was forced to work in another country (France) and to have a double
nationality, French and Polish. But otherwise than Możajski, her
accomplishments are commemorated in every, even a smallest town
of Poland, where at least one street bears her name, in countless
monuments and publications, in school textbooks, and also in numerous
postal stamps and coins that Poland issued about her. So what is the
secret in her being so prominent in Polish memories. Well, her research
directly contributed to the building of atomic bomb, to Hiroshima and
Nagasaki tragedy, and probably also to the manner in which humanity
is going to accomplish a self-destruction in the future. So similarly
like present research on the "genetic engineering", her type of
research was to unwillingly serve in future mainly to killing
and to destruction, not to building. Thus her type of research
was supported (and is
until today) by this "evil force" described in item G of this web
page. In turn the type of efforts pursued by Możajski was to serve
mainly for saving lives, building, and lifting humanity into space.
Thus acted against the interests of this "evil force" from item G.
However, it is worth to
notice, that Poland is not the only country with an uneven treatment
of inventors who are mainly in service of building, and inventors
who are mainly in service of destruction. Actually, exactly the
same problem is plaguing entire our civilisation. For example,
Sweden (a neighbour of Poland) almost completely forgotten about
Sven Wingquist, the inventor of ball bearings. But nearly a religious
worship it directs towards Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.
Of course, it is worth to reflect, how many people and of what calibre, are
using dynamite. Then it is worth to compare these with practically
every person on Earth, who today in various machines is benefiting
from the invention of ball bearings. In fact, a pattern or rule
clearly begins to emerge on Earth, that inventors who mainly
assist in building are being destroyed, while inventors who
mainly assist in destruction are being rewarded. In turn
wherever there is a pattern or a rule, there must also be
some sort of force hidden behind it, who makes it happen
- see item G from the end of this web page.
* * *
Looking at all these stamps, one may have a justified question, why
the Polish post has NOT issued yet any stamp that would commemorate
technical accomplishments of this forgotten son of Poland. Why Poles
are "ashamed" to acknowledge him and to cultivate his memories.
Figure 2: This is an old illustration that shows the original appearance of
the Możajski aeroplane standing on the launching ramp. It was drawn for the
local newspaper in 1882, i.e. during an official demonstration of this aeroplane
for the representatives of government of the Tsar's Russia. This illustration
was also reproduced in an old Russian encyclopaedia [1M], from where I gained
it it for this web page.
* * *
Możajski was unappreciated genius of engineering, and a real pioneer of
aviation. The three-propeller aeroplane powered with three light steam
engines which he build, ascended into the air as the first on our planet
during the summer of 1882. So it flew around 21 years earlier than the
famous aeroplane of Wright Brothers from the USA, and around 20 years
earlier than the aeroplane of Richard Pearse from New Zealand.
Figure 3: Możajski aeroplane was not the only technical device constructed
on Earth, that arrived while humanity was not prepared for it. Another such
a device was that shown on the above photograph. It is popularly called the
"Zhang Heng seismograph". But actually it is a telepathic sensor for remote
detection of incoming earthquakes. It detects earthquakes when they still
are in the stage of brewing up (i.e. a long time before they arrive to us and
manage to harm us), by sensing telepathic disturbances that such brewing earthquakes
are sending. Further details about this remote detector of incoming earthquakes
are provided on the web page
chi.coms.ph or
chi.maroc.to,
as well as in subsection N6.1 from volume 11 of monograph [1/4] (from which the
above photograph was taken).
Motto of this page: A man with an idea is a crank - until the
idea succeeds. (Then he is considered to be a hero and a pioneer in
his discipline.)
C. How the Możajski aeroplane was forgotten:
Aleksander Możajski and his aeroplane were not
forgotten immediately. The process of forgetting these two was rather gradual. I personally
still remember, that until around 1960s Możajski and his flight were remembered in
verbal tradition of many Poles. After all, parents and families of people that lived
until around 1960s, either knew Możajski in person, or have heard about his accomplishments.
It was during 1960s when I have heard about Możajski from two different my teachers,
namely from my favourite teacher of physics in the high school that I attended,
and also from my lecturer of hydromechanics at the Technical University of Wroclaw.
I suspect that both of them knew about Możajski from the verbal tradition of
their families. Furthermore, in 1960s in Poland commonly accessible was literature
that wrote about Możajski and his aeroplane. But later people who still remembered
Możajski started to gradually die out. Also books that wrote about his accomplishments
began to gradually disappear. Simultaneously Poland and Russia started to be
flooded with books which insisted that the first aeroplane on Earth was build
by Wright Brothers from the USA, while aviation was completely non-existent before
Wright Brothers. This literature gradually pushed out from human memories the
information about Możajski aeroplane.
* * *
At this point it should be stressed, that
the Możajski aeroplane does NOT compete with the aeroplane of Wright Brothers,
but rather complements it. After all, it was only the aeroplane of Wright Brothers
that contributed permanently to the technical development of humanity. In turn
the Możajski aeroplane was just only a historic lesson, from which we should
draw now useful conclusions. By stopping further ignoring the existence of this
early aeroplane, and other ones that followed it, we all, means the entire humanity,
only are going to benefit. This is because each time when a new technical idea
appears on Earth, such as for example the spaceship magnocraft with
magnetic propulsion system, this historic example of the Możajski aeroplane
gives to us a better prospective, and also a wider historic experience, to
understand what is our position in regard to this new idea.
* * *
The Możajski's aeroplane was only one out
of numerous technically refined inventions, that were implemented in times, which
could look as technologically unprepared for their arrival. There are also other
such inventions. An example of these, which still awaits to be implemented, is the
magnocraft described in volume 3 of monograph [1/4] and also presented on
web page propulsion.250free.com.
Another technical invention about which
I know that it actually WAS implemented in times that were unready for its arrival,
is the telepathic device for remote detection if incoming earthquakes. The appearance
of this device is shown in Figure 3. Until today
the official human knowledge has not accomplished the level necessary for duplicating
the operation of this device (i.e. until today earthquakes are detected inertly
by a seismograph, only after they already arrive to us, means NOT telepathically
and NOT a log time in advance before they arrive).
This telepathic detector of incoming earthquakes was build almost 2000 years ago in
China, by a genius inventor named Zhang Heng. It is described more comprehensively
on web pages
chi.coms.ph and
chi.maroc.to.
D.
History of the aeroplane of Aleksander Możajski:
Aleksander Możajski was born on
25 March 1825 in a Polish family of knights, the heritage land of which
was located in the village Możary from the Owrucka Province in Wolyn.
Apart from his family, in the Tsar's Russia another family existed
which also carried the same name of Możajski, but which until the
extinguishing in 17 century had their heritage land in Możajsk near
Moscow. But the Polish Możajski family of knights from Wolyn had
nothing in common with this Prince family of Russian Możajski that
lived near Moscow. The place of birth of Aleksander Teodorowicz Możajski
was the city Rotschensalm (Kotka) near the Finish gulf, where his
father was the captain of a boat in the Russian military navy.
This being born in a family of navy officers caused that also
the majority of his life Aleksander Możajski spend on service
in navy. He specialised in there in the construction, engineering,
and technical support of the military fleet. During his career in
navy he was promoted up to the position of admiral.
The interesting aspect of the youth and beginnings
of the professional career of Możajski was, that he
regularly once a year was having a mysterious
infection of lungs. These regular reoccurrences
of an illness of Możajski resembled also my own
fungal infections of lungs, which with the accuracy
of a Swiss clock were affecting me after nights when
I was abducted into a UFO. (More information about
these my own, most certainly intentionally induced
by UFOnauts after-abduction illnesses, is provided
in part B of a separate web page
bandits amongst us,
and also e.g. in the introduction to my monograph
[8].)
So it is highly probable, that these regular lung-infections
were intentionally induced in Możajski by the same
"evil force" which is described in item G of this web
site, and which via the use of these intentional attacks
on his health tried to hold him back from accomplishing
what he intended to accomplish.
The idea of building a manned aeroplane
was born in Możajski already in 1855. It was inspired by observations of
flights of birds. After he got this idea, he build many models of his
aeroplane. Final ones out of these models were demonstrating quite good
flying capabilities. In 1877 he officially presented the project of his
aeroplane to the Major Society of Russian Engineers. On the order from
ministry of war, a special commission was then established, which was to
consider the feasibility of the completion of his aeroplane. Into this
commission was included, amongst others, also Professor Mendeleyev (this
one who constructed the Periodic Table of Elements, sometimes called also
the Mendeleyev Table). The commission issued a favourable opinion,
and the completion of the aeroplane received the blessing from the Russian
government. Before practical works began, on 3 November 1881 Możajski
received a patent for his aeroplane. The manufacturing of the aeroplane
was ordered by Możajski from the best factories of the Tsar's Russia.
The detailed design plans for the Możajski aeroplane prepared for the
factories were preserved until today. They are shown in Figure 4.
Also for piloting his aeroplane a best military man was selected
with the inclination towards aviation. In summer 1882 the aeroplane
carried out its first official (demonstration) flight. Of course, before this
first official flight, the aeroplane was thoroughly tested and fine tuned.
Also the pilot was learning how to fly it. Unfortunately, about these initial
(unofficial) testing flights, we know almost nothing now. The first official
flight was watched by a huge number of witnesses. It was also widely
reported in Russian press. The illustration from Figure 2 originates
from the newspaper of that time. (In that times newspapers employed
professional illustrators, the drawings of which they then printed.
Photographs were not in use then.) The flight of this aeroplane
turned out to be a sensation, while the name of Możajski was on
mouth of all people. Unfortunately, for reasons described previously,
this accomplishments was not duplicated.
So with the elapse of time in was completely forgotten.
After the first successful
demonstration of the flight of his aeroplane, Możajski tried to
develop his invention further. Unfortunately, this evil power which
is described in item G below, managed to find a manner to hold him
back effectively. The manner is described in more details in item F
below. After several years of further struggles, this evil power
managed to finally "neutralise" Możajski physically with the use of
the same kind of infection of lungs with which it was troubling him
throughout the entire of his life. Możajski died in morning hours
on 1 April 1890, means in the date which according to what I explained
in subsection V5.4 of monograph [1/4], is reserved by UFOnauts for
marking the historically significant interferences into the natural
course of time on Earth. He had then only 65 years. So if not these
manipulations of the evil power that constantly persecuted him, he
would still have many years of creative life in front of him.
Of course,
the above history provides only dry facts, without interpreting mechanisms
hidden behind these facts and moral messages contained in his story. These
mechanisms and moral messages of the history of Możajski are outlined in
item F below.
Figure 4: Here are old technical drawings of the aeroplane invented
and constructed by Aleksander Możajski. They were published in [1M].
E.
Publications in which is possible to find information about
Aleksander Możajski and about his aeroplane:
Unfortunately, on the subject of Możajski and
his aeroplane no many written publications is available at the moment. Polish
nationals knew about him quite well soon after the Second World War, when still
on his topic various historic research were carried out, and when his memory was
still alive amongst older people. But as time elapsed, the knowledge about
Możajski and his pioneering aeroplane was disappearing fast. I myself learned
about Możajski for the first time from my favourite teacher of physics from the Lyceum
in Milicz, Poland (unfortunately he is dead by now). This teacher probably knew
about Możajski from family verbal tradition, as he was able to tell about him
various information that I was later unable to find in any written source. Some
of curiosities he used to tell I repeated on this web page.
* * *
Inspired and interested by my favourable
teacher from the high school, I myself also tried to learn about the first
aeroplane in the world, and about the genius who build this aeroplane (whom I
considered to be a Pole, independently of being a Russian by law). So when I was
still in my high school times, I accidentally encountered a book about Możajski and
his aeroplane owned by my colleague. I traded this book for myself. In this way
in my high school years I was a proud owner of a book about Możajski. When I
managed to get this book, it was already old. I suspect that it was published
soon after the Second World War, i.e. in late 1940s or in early 1950s. Unfortunately,
when during my vacation in Poland in summer 2004 I tried to find this book in
my family home, it turned out that in the meantime it disappeared (after all
it elapsed over 40 years since I got it and read it). However, the sole fact
that I actually had this book, means that a book about Możajski and his aeroplane
was published in Poland, and also that probably other copies of this book survived
somewhere. So by searching in antiquarian bookshops, perhaps it will be possible to find
such copies somewhere. Presently I do not remember much about this book - i.e.
I do not remember the title nor the author. I only remember that it reproduced a
drawing from an old Russian newspaper, which is shown on this web page as Figure
2 (i.e. presenting the Możajski's aeroplane on the launching ramp). I also
remember that this book was written in Polish, that was relatively thick,
and that it stressed many times that the first aeroplane in the world was
constructed by a Polish national who was simultaneously a Russian citizen
(perhaps the book was published by some historic foundation designated to
promote Polish national identity in after-war Poland), and also that it was
very well researched because it provided an excellent review of the life
of Możajski, his creative searches, and his fruitless struggles with the
bureaucrats of the Tsar Russia regarding the recognition of the need for
a serial production of his aeroplane.
* * *
Independently from the above, to the Możajski
aeroplane referred also my lecturer of the Hydromechanics at the Technical University
of Wroclaw, Poland. I took notice of his references, as I was personally
interested in Możajski thus this technical genius was already a real person for me,
not just an anonymous figure from history. My lecturer also stressed, that the
first aeroplane in the world was constructed by an engineer of the Polish origin,
who used to work and live in Russia.
* * *
When I discovered during my vacation in Poland
in summer of 2004, that my book about Możajski has disappeared, I immediately
started to seek other written references to this inventor. After all, Poland has
much more literature sources about 19-century Russia, than New Zealand in which
I normally live. My searches brought fruit. I found the description of the
Możajski aeroplane in volume 1 of the Russian encyclopaedia [1M], entitled
The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (in the Russian language it is entitled
Большая Советская Энциклопедия,
what usually is written with the latin alphabet as Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya),
Volume 1 "A – Aktualizm", Second Edition, the Head of the authoring team C. I. Babilov,
published on 15 December 1949 by the Governmental Scientific Publisher “Great Soviet Encyclopaedia”, Moscow,
Pokrovskij Bulvar, d. 8; 633 pages, HC), pages 90 to 94 - seek under the
term “Aviacija”.
* * *
After I published this web site, I received
an email from one of the readers, Gracjan Szymonowicz. He provided me with
editorial details of another (recent) Polish publication on Możajski and his
aeroplane. This publication is an article [2M] by Jan Ciechanowicz,
entitled "Admiral Aleksander Możajski - konstruktor samolotow",
(i.e. Admiral Aleksander Możajski - the designer of aeroplanes) published on
pages 153 to 162 of the Polish periodical named "Prace Historyczno-Archiwalne",
Volume XI, Published in Rzeszow, Poland, 2002, by Archiwum Panstwowe w Rzeszowie,
Regionalne Towarzystwo Badan nad Historia Mniejszosci Narodowych w Rzeszowie,
and Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne oddzial w Rzeszowie (ISSN 1231-3335). Possible
questions or requests (e.g. about making this publication available for reading)
can be directed to Mr Gracjan Szymonowicz, whose email addresses read
gracjan0@aster.pl or
gracjanss@wp.pl.
* * *
In September 2004 another reader of this
web page provided me with editorial details of two further books on Aleksander
Możajski, published in Russia. Unfortunately, editorial details of these
books are written in the English alphabet, not in Cyrillic. Here is the
repetition of the details that I received:
[3M] ALEXANDER FJODOROWISCH MOZHAISKY, 1825-1890,
by W. Krylow, published in Russian in 1951; also translated into German and
published in Berlin under the title
Alexander Fjodorowitsch Moshaiski - Die Geschichte der Luftfahrt
(Berlin, Neues Leben, 1953. Mit einigen Abbildungen. VII, 207 S.); [4M]
MOZHAISKY - THE CREATOR OF THE FIRST PLANE IN THE WORLD, by Chyertemnkh and
AF Shipilov, published in Russian, Moscow, 1956. Independently from these,
a good article about this inventor appeared in the periodical "Aeroplane",
issue dated in January 2003 - see their web site
www.aeroplanemonthly.com.
* * *
The summary of most vital information
which I managed to collect about Możajski and his aeroplane, including into
this also the Russian spelling of names and places that are vital for the history
of this aeroplane, are contained in subsection O1 from volume 12 of my monograph
[1/4] entitled "Advanced Magnetic Devices", the free copies of which can
be downloaded from the internet sites listed in Menu 2, e.g. from the site
jan-pajak.com.
* * *
There are also various internet web pages
about Możajski. Unfortunately, it is difficult to find these web pages with
the use of search engines. This is because they write the name "Możajski"
in a manner that is a translation of the Russian Cyrillic into the English
or Latin alphabet. Therefore his name, and thus also key words and addresses
of these web pages, are written in many different variations. Listed below
are some of these (the majority of them is in the English language, the first
one is in Russian). Here they are:
www.hrono.ru/biograf/mozhaiski.html,
www.flyingmachines.org/moz.html,
www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/mozhaisky.html,
www.pilotfriend.com,
www.geocities.com/aerohydro/mfm/scale1.htm.
F.
Aeroplanes were independently invented at least 3 times by a number
of technical geniuses who mutually were unaware of each other's existence:
For reasons that I am going to explain
in item G below, aeroplanes were invented, build, and successfully flown on Earth
at least 3 times before the news about possibility of building them managed to
get through to the knowledge of interested people.
* * *
The first well documented inventor and builder
of aeroplane was the Pole/Russian named Aleksander Możajski (1825-1890) described
on this web page. But because he was born and worked in times when Poland did NOT
exist as a country, legally his accomplishments are attributed to Russia. A well
documented in old written sources, because observed by numerous representatives
of the Russian government, the first official (public demonstration) flight of
this aeroplane took place
in summer of 1882 in a place named Krasnoj Sielo near Petersburg, in the
Tsar's Russia. The Możajski's aeroplane ascended into the air around 21 years
before the aeroplane of Wright Brothers from the USA. Unfortunately, the popular
duplication of this aeroplane was made impossible by bureaucrats of the Tsar Russia,
who in fact squashed this invention. Never-ending struggles of Możajski with
bureaucrats of the Tsar's Russia are very well described in the Polish article
[2M] listed above. In fact, when one reads this article, literally the blood
begins to boil because of realising how thoughtless, vicious, and immoral was
the persecution of this technical genius. Also it really puzzles, how it happened
that in spite of all these terrible things that were done to him, and all these cunning
obstacles that were placed in front of him, he still was able to accomplish as
much as he actually accomplished. In order to indicate here at least the most
terrible tricks that were used by bureaucrats to squash his invention of the
aeroplane, below I listed some of them (for details see the Polish article
[2M]):
1. Making Możajski
to forcefully pull from the Russian government a permit to build his aeroplane.
The invention of the aeroplane, and the working out of all technical details, did
not open for Możajski a chance to build it. In order to gain a permit to build his
aeroplane, he was forced to pull this permit from the government, by putting
this government in a position that it had no other option but to agree.
2. Establishing a special
governmental commission to police Możajski. When Możajski finally received the
permission to build his aeroplane, simultaneously several cunning "strings" were
attached to this permission. The most destructive out of these strings turned
later out to be the requirement, that everything that he did, firstly needed to
be approved by a special commission of bureaucrats, which was placed by the Russian
government to continually sit on his back and to police everything that he did.
For the chef of this commission general G. Pauker was appointed, i.e. a Russian
citizen of German origin, about whom many years later apparently turned out,
that he was a Prussian spy in Russia. (This means that he was actually paid
for making in Russia impossible everything that had any military value and
that could provide Russia with a military advantage over Germany. This also
included the Możajski's aeroplane.) Of course, this commission was not
to help Możajski. Rather opposite - it was bending backwards to hold back
everything that Możajski did, and literally was pilling countless obstacles
on his path.
3. The requirement of
justifying in writing the feasibility of each action. Whatever Możajski tried
to do to complete his aeroplane, he was ordered to firstly receive for it a permission
from this commission of bureaucrats that was policing him on behalf of the Russian
government. In turn this commission was agreeing only to these his actions, about
which he managed to convince it in writing that these actions are feasible and correct.
In the result, for even the smallest action he intended to take, he needed to write
lengthily explanations and justifications, which actually took him more time and energy
to prepare, than the completion of a given action. In order to hold him back even more
effectively, this commission was refusing to issue him a permission for key activities
even if he justified them convincingly. For example, the chief of it, general G. Pauker
was known to refuse applications of Możajski without even opening and reading them.
4. Shocking under-financing.
To build his aeroplane, Możajski received from the Russian government the amount of
only 3000 rubles. But the specification of the construction costs for this aeroplane,
which he presented to the Russian government on 23 March 1878, indicated costs of
18 895 rubles and 45 kopieykas. So in fact he received from the government less
than around one-sixth of the amount that he needed to spend in order to actually
build his aeroplane. The missing funds he was forced to complement from his own
pocket, through selling his family land and spending his entire savings.
5. Continuous
accusations. Bureaucrats who were policing Możajski continually used to
accuse him of something. The most ugly such an accusation was that he "stole"
the sum of 219 rubles from these 3000 rubles that was given to him by the
government to build his aeroplane. But in fact, to the sum that he received
from the government, he added from his private pocked the sum of over 15 000
rubles in order to still build his aeroplane. The problem was, however,
that in order to unofficially convince for the completion of various difficult
parts and orders, he was frequently forced to pay these orders without receiving any
receipts for them. So he not always was able to document his spending. Thus,
the theft accusation of bureaucrats that were policing him was devastating,
and it almost make impossible for him to complete this project. Only shortly
before his death, when the shabby treatment which he received from bureaucrats
gained a wide condemnation from the public opinion, he was cleared from this
accusation. The amount of 219 rubles, which previously he was made to pay
back to the government, was then returned to him.
6. Continuous
announcing his successes to be defeats. The commission of bureaucrats that
continually was sitting on the back of Możajski and was policing every his
movement, was also announcing everywhere that he is defeated in everything he
was doing. In this way, all his actions, in spite that in fact were successes,
actually to the Russian government were reported as his continuous defeats,
failures, incompetence, the lack of progress, etc.
7. Cutting him off
from the possibility to appeal for justice. Bureaucrats who used to sit on his
back, were very influential in the government of Russia. So whenever Możajski tried
to obtain an audience with someone important from this government, in order to appeal
about something regarding his aeroplane, these bureaucrats caused that the audience was
refused for him. Thus not only that he was persecuted because of the determination
to build his aeroplane at all costs, but additionally he was deprived the chance
to appeal for a justice in the treatment he received.
If one analyses more exactly the
bureaucratic persecution that was unleashed against Możajski and his invention,
then it turns out that this persecution displays several interesting attributes.
The first of these attributes is that the persecution of Możajski was not at all
a spontaneous picking on him by an individual idiot or a group of brainless puppets,
but a perfectly organised and coordinated action, which was directed by some "evil
force" in an intended manner. Of course, immediately a question arises, who
is this "evil force" that is so interested in destroying every important
invention on Earth (the reply to this question is provided next item G). The
second attribute of this bureaucratic persecution of Możajski, was that it used
a present-day method of obstructing, i.e. a method which this "evil force"
utilises effectively until today. For example, in over 120 years after Możajski,
exactly the same bureaucratic methods are still used until today to destroy
at various Universities and in research institutions all
other inventions and avant-garde research. I observed this method in action
practically in every country and in every research institution that I worked
so far. Also, exactly the same method was used in order to effectively crush
my own efforts to initiate official research on technical devices which I
invented or developed myself, and which I described in web pages from Menu 2
(e.g. research on my Magnocraft, Oscillatory Chamber, free energy devices,
seismograph shown in Figure 3, and a long list of other advanced
technical devices that would lift the level of our civilisation
if allowed to be completed).
* * *
There are both, various verbal tradition,
as well as a high probability, that between the years 1882 and 1902 (i.e. in
the period of time between the aeroplane of Możajski and the aeroplane of Pearse),
aeroplane was invented again, build, and tested, at least several times. Only
that about these next inventions the world was either not informed, or was
informed but forgotten until today. For example, the Russian encyclopaedia [1M]
states, that a French designer named Kleman Ader constructed an aeroplane
with a steam engine, named "Avion". In 1890 this airplane flew a distance of
30 meters, while after further improvements in 1897 it flew the distance of
300 meters. (Unfortunately it then crushed and was never rebuild.) An English
designer named Horatio F. Philipps constructed an airplane which in 1891
flew the distance of 35 meters, ascending at the height
of 6 meters. In turn a German engineer, Otto Liliental, in 1886 invented and
constructed an airplane with movable wings similar to bird ones. (But there
is a lack of date regarding the flight capabilities of this machine.)
Unfortunately, the documentation from the flying tests of
these next aeroplanes presently is difficult, or almost impossible, to find.
* * *
A next inventor and builder of the aeroplane
that was relatively well documented and independent from others, was a
New Zealand technical genius named Richard William Pearse (1877-1953).
This inventor originates from vicinity of a tiny settlement called
"Pleasant Point". (Unfortunately, this settlement has NOT turned
"pleasant" for Richard Pearse. For example, locals called him the "Mad Pearse"
and the "Bamboo Dick".) A lot of evidence indicates that the first flight of
his aeroplane took place on 31 March 1902, means around 1 year before the
famous flight of Wright Brothers from the USA.
While the main method of squashing
the Możajski aeroplane by this "evil force" about which I am writing in next
item G, depended on the multiplying bureaucratic obstacles in front of him, the
main method of destroying the aeroplane of Richard Pearce was to unleash the
"small people syndrome" amongst those who surrounded him and on whom his
psychological health and self-esteem depended. Richard Pearse was building his
aeroplane on his own. So he was not dependent on any bureaucrats that could
block his actions. But he was susceptible to peer pressure from his
environment, and also he needed a moral support in his actions. Therefore
immediately after he initiated the construction of his aeroplane, Mr Pearse
was fast announced to be "mad" and was "burned on stake" by his own countrymen
(i.e. by other New Zealanders). His neighbours started to stick fingers at
him, local children were running behind him and calling him names, also
no-one from his surrounding wanted to befriend him. So for the efforts of
constructing an aeroplane his companions turned him into a public enemy and
caused that he finished his life in a mental hospital. It seems to be extremely
strange coincidence, that in 1911 Richard Pearse become very ill with typhoid
- means with the illness which killed Wilbur Wright (perhaps this "coincidence"
has something to do with the "evil force" discussed in item G below).
Probably it does not need to be
highlighted here, how pity it is that the fate of Pearse's invention turned that way.
After all, opposite to the Możajski aeroplane, the aeroplane of Richard Pearse
displayed all attributes to be duplicated repetitively by a "popular upraise".
It had a simple combustion engine, which could be duplicated in a "back
of someone's garage". The design of this aeroplane was simple and easy
for duplication by individual hobbyists. Furthermore, the aeroplane
was able to take off from an ordinary paddock. So it was capable to act
upon imagination
of people, because it was able to lift into the air everyone who build
it. Unfortunately, because of the provincial thinking and "small people
syndrome" of his countrymen, and also because their susceptibility to
telepathic and hypnotic manipulations, the information about this aeroplane
never managed to break through to the knowledge of the rest of world.
In turn without such a dissemination of information about this aeroplane,
the invention of Richard Pearse never was able to be duplicated, and thus
to be included into the permanent accomplishments of our civilisation.
So there is no much help that the current generation of New Zealanders
is spending significant amounts of money on building monuments for him
and on duplication of his aeroplane. Means, that only now his efforts are
acknowledged by descendants of the same New Zealanders, which with their
persecution made this technical genius to land in a mental hospital, and
which not long ago were ashamed of their local "Mad Pearse" who wanted
to build a device that by the most prominent authorities of the times was
announced "impossible". It is
very unfortunate, that the recognition for his efforts come only when it
is not able to help him (although "better late than not at all"). After
all, if he received any assistance when he needed it, the history
would turn differently - even if this assistance would be just a moral one.
What again hits in the history of
Richard Pearse, is that he also was subjected to vicious persecutions which
were skilfully controlled by this "evil force" discussed here. Because
his construction of the aeroplane was not dependable on bureaucrats, this
evil force destroyed him with the use of methods that were perfectly
matched to his unique situation. For example, it undermined his self-esteem
by peer pressure and by unanimous condemnation from his neighbours and
acquaintances. He was also cut off from moral support and assistance of
people close to him. They made him a "public enemy" only because
he tried hard to accomplish something extremely vital for humanity.
* * *
At least the third time in a row,
aeroplane was invented completely independently by famous Wright
Brothers from the USA (named Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright).
The first flight
of this historic aeroplane took place on 17 December 1903. Only their
aeroplane finally managed to break through barriers of hermetic blockade
of Earthly inventions, that are imposed onto humanity by this dark force
about which I am writing in next item below. But even then this breaking
of the Wright Brothers' aeroplane through the barrier of intentional
disinformation and authoritative condemnation was accomplished by a
pure coincident (or more strictly, as this is explained on the web site
totalizm.20m.com,
due to the action of the so-called "moral laws"). Namely, the paddock on which
Wright Brothers were carrying out their flights, was situated near a frequently
used railway line. Thus numerous travellers from this railway, many journalists
amongst them, saw with their own eyes the first flights of this aeroplane.
So they disseminated information about it amongst other people. It is a
good luck for humanity that this breakthrough in fact did take place. But how
many other vital new inventions is still suppressed by this dark power that
oppresses our planet. A significant part of such new inventions, for example
the so-called "free energy devices", still today are facing exactly the same
barriers that were blocking the development of the aeroplane - for details
see e.g. web sites
jan-pajak.com/free_energy.htm,
totalizm.pl/fe_cell.htm, or
newzealand.0me.com.
As in all previous cases,
also in the case of Wright Brothers aeroplane, the "evil force" discussed
here did everything possible to prevent the aeroplane being successful.
About obstacles that this force piled up in front of the brothers one may
read endlessly in countless publications. Fortunately for this invention,
this time the evil force was unable to destroy the invention with
the use of bureaucratic means, such as e.g. writing bad things about
this aeroplane by the most prominent USA scientists of that time,
nor with the use of blockade of information that disallowed to write
anything about this aeroplane. The inventors of this aeroplane
were also NOT susceptible to peer pressure nor to bad publicity
- after all on this aeroplane were working two brothers who mutually
supported each other morally even when the entire outside world turned
against them. Because the bulk of problems and hurt was served to Wright
Brothers by the American society in which they were forced to create,
this society made them so fed up, that in his testament the longer
living of two brothers (i.e. Orville) clearly ordered that their
first aeroplane must remain in London and cannot be shifted to
a museum in the USA. Only in 1942 he accepted apologies and
allowed that their aeroplane was shifted to the USA. (Wilbur
Wright, born in 1867, died already in 1912 mysteriously
infected with Typhoid. In turn his younger brother Orville Wright
born in 1871 outlived him by 36 years, dying on a strange "heart
attack" in 1948.) In the result, their aeroplane "Flyer I" originally
was submitted to public viewing in the "London Science Museum", not
in the America where it was build.
G.
Why it was necessary to build at least 3 aeroplanes before the rest of the world learned about them:
If one reviews fate of any invention on Earth,
then it turns out that each such new invention was persecuted by continuous streams
of undesirable events, which tried to make it impossible to include this invention
permanently into the accomplishments of humanity. I personally call these strange
streams of bad luck that continually troubled inventions and inventors, with the
name of "curse of inventors". The action of this "curse of inventors" is
described in item #11 of the web pages about
telekinetic cells,
and also in item #2 of the web page about mysteries and curiosities of
New Zealand.
The web page about mysteries and curiosities of New Zealand can be
viewed at following addresses - click on the selected one to shift there:
newzealand.0me.com,
storm.prohosting.com/craters, or
a.1asphost.com/Tapanui.
This "curse of inventors" causes that practically every invention of the strategic
significance for humanity, must be invented many times by inventors completely not
knowing about each other. Only after several such independent cases of inventing,
a given invention
by a "pure coincidence" is included into the permanent accomplishments of the
entire humanity. In turn problems with this invention always are looking as if they
are caused on purpose by the "evil force" that spread its rules over the entire Earth.
Of course, immediately a question raises, "who is this 'evil force' which
clearly does not want humanity reaches an advanced level of technical development".
On the basis of overwhelming evidence which
on this subject is already in our disposal, I personally developed a theory that
explains what is this "evil force" which hides behind the "curse of inventors".
Unfortunately, this my theory resembles the Możajski aeroplane - namely
it exceeds significantly the readiness of society for accepting it. Therefore
I propose to read about it on principles of just a curiosity. Well, on the basis
of my research I come to the conclusion, that the planet Earth is currently under
an invisible occupation of technically extremely advanced, although morally
completely decadent, relatives of humans whom we know under the popular name of "UFOnauts".
The technical level of these UFOnauts is so high, that their starships, and also
they themselves, are able to remain invisible for human sight when they operate on
Earth. These evil relatives of people exploit Earth on thousands different ways,
drawing significant benefits from the technical backwardness of humanity.
Therefore they are interested in purposeful holding back humanity on the
lowest possible level of technical advancement. One of the ways of keeping
us in darkness, is making almost impossible the dissemination of new
inventions on Earth. Only a small fraction of inventions accomplished by people on
our planet is able to break through hermetic barriers that are imposed on
people by these evil UFOnauts. More information about motives which cause that
UFOnauts constantly push humanity down, and also about telepathic and hypnotic
methods which UFOnauts use to implement this pushing us down in a manner
unnoticeable for us, is explained in subsection A3 from volume 1 of my monograph
[1/4] "Advanced Magnetic Devices". Copies of this monograph can be
downloaded free of charge from web sites listed in Menu 2, e.g. from the web site
members.fortunecity.com/timevehicle.
The
evil
motivations of UFOnauts, and also their parasitic philosophy
of cosmic robbers, are also explained on web page with the address
UFOnauci.w.interia.pl.
* * *
Even if someone does not share the above my
explanation for reasons and mechanism of extensive blocking of strategic inventions
on Earth, such someone must admit that there is too many evidence for the fact,
that such a blocking in fact continually takes place. So it is not wise for us
to ignore it. It is about time to begin ask questions, why so many vital
inventions is continually wasted on Earth, while so many human inventors
is subjected to hidden although murderous persecution.
Fig. 5a: Here is the USA postal stamp of 6 cents, which presents the Wright
Brothers and their aeroplane. For some reasons Americans until today are
crooked towards these two their most famous inventors. For example,
about Wright Brothers incomparably more postal stamps appear abroad,
than in the USA. In turn, if a stamp appears in the USA on the subject
of these brothers, then it usually shows only their aeroplane, not them
nor their appearance. The above stamp was the only one issued in the USA,
that I managed to find so-far, and that actually shows the appearances
of the Wrigh Brothers.
Fig. 5b: Here is a postal stamp issued in Libya, which commemorates incredible
accomplishments of both Wright Brothers. As it turns out, the Wright Brothers
are respected much more and are honoured incomparably more outside of the USA than in
the USA itself. It almost looks as if Americans until today are upset about something
towards these two most famous sons of America and the most celebrated American inventors.
Fig. 5c: Here is a New Zealand stamp of 80 cents, issued in 1990.
It presents the appearance of Richard Pearse and his aeroplane.
Figure 6: Here is a monument erected in New Zealand to Richard Pearce and to
his aeroplane. This monument stands near a small New Zealand township called "Pleasant
Point". Richard Pearse build an aeroplane which was the first in New Zealand. The Pearse's
aeroplane had the first flight on 31 March 1902, means in around 20 years after the aeroplane
of the Polish/Russian inventor, Aleksander Możajski (but still around 1 year before the
aeroplane of Wright Brothers). Sadly, no-one erects monuments for Możajski. Actually the
situation looks as if Możajski and his pioneering aeroplane already completely faded away
from memories of all people, including Poles and Russians. But we all loose because of
this our forgetfulness. So there is a time to wake up from the lethargy, and lift
Możajski and others who followed him back into our memories. His aeroplane is to
provide us with a vital historic lesson, which may benefit all of us - if we glen
what it tries to teach us.
Jeśli preferujesz czytanie po polsku,
kliknij na polską flagę (if you prefer to read in Polish
click on the Polish flag)
* * *
Polish letters.
In text of this web page in various places Polish characters (letters) may appear
(for example, to illustrate the proper, means the original Polish, spelling of the
name of the technical genius, Możajski).
In a spontaneous manner computers seem to display correctly these Polish letters
only when they use Windows XP (or higher), or when their Internet Explorer is
set for displaying them. (In order to set your "Internet Explorer" on the correct
displaying of Polish letters, you need to click on the position "View" (i.e. "Widok"
in Polish) in the pull-down menu of this browser, thern you need to click onto the
command "Encoding" (i.e. "Kodowanie" in Polish), finally click on "More" (i.e.
"Dalsze" in Polish). In turn when the submenu "More" (i.e. "Dalsze" in Polish)
opens, which contains various alphabets, you need to choose, and to click the
alphabet marked "Central European (Windows)" (i.e. the "Srodkowoeuropejski (Windows)"
in Polish). But if in any chance such settings do not help, just in case I would like
to inform, that if in someone's computer various strange characters do appear, than
this probably means that his/her computer does not display correctly Polish letters.
In such a case it is good to know, that displayed characters have following
meanings:
"ą" = "a" with a tail, "Ą" = "A" with a tail,
"ć" = "c" with ' above it, "Ć" = "C" with ' above it,
"ę" = "e" with a tail, "Ę" = "E" with a tail,
"ł" = "l" crossed, "Ł" = "L" crossed,
"ń" = "n" with ' above it, "Ń" = "N" with ' above it,
"ó" = "o" with ' above it (means another Polish "u"), "Ó" = "O" with ' above it (means another Polish "U")
"ś" = "s" with ' above it, "Ś" = "S" with ' above it,
"ź" = "z" with ' above it, "Ź" = "Z" with ' above it,
"ż" = "z" with a dot above it, "Ż" = "Z" with a dot above it.
I should add here, that after I noticed
very humble effects of my use of Polish letters, usually my Polish text I still
write with the use of English (Latin) alphabet. This is not a big error, as the
majority of Polish words anyway use the Latin alphabet only.
* * *
How to replicate
this web page in your own computer (for your personal use):
For some readers that work on problems
addressed on this web page, it would be beneficial if for their personal
use they have a replica of this web page together with all the illustrations,
texts, links, etc., in their
own computer. After all, in case of having such a replica, one becomes
independent from the access to Internet in each situation when wishes to
have a look at this web page or at an illustration that this page displays.
It is also not needed then to put up with all these forms of subtle sabotage,
to which evil parasites from UFOs are submitting my web sites. So for these
readers, who wish to make a replica of this web page in their own computer,
below I am describing step-by-step how to accomplish this. Here is the
instruction of producing such a replica:
#0. Ready-made source replica?
(without advertising banners). One brief information before in items
#1 to #8 below I explain the exact procedure of preparing for yourself
a source replica of this web page. Namely, under some addresses listed
in "Menu 3", such a source replica of this web page, together with
all files, folders, illustrations, etc., but without advertising
banners, already awaits in the ZIP format, ready for downloading
to your own computer. So all what you need to do in order to download
it to your own computer, is to click in "Menu 1" on the menu item
marked
"Source replica of this page".
So try to click, because this source replica may be available here
(i.e. at this address) and it would be handy to have it in your
own computer. In turn, when such a ZIPped source replica downloads to
your computer, all what you need to do is UNZIP it onto your hard disk.
After UNZIPing, it forms a separate folder in which you will find
a folder named "a_pajak" with all files, subfolders and illustrations
inside, ready for the running and displaying this web page. (In case
you already have on your hard disk a folder named "c:\a_pajak" with
my other source web pages, it is enough if you transfer all files and
subfolders from this new folder "a_pajak" to the already existing one
named "c:\a_pajak".) After this brief information, let us now return
to this procedure of making (all by yourself) a source replica of this
web page. Here it is:
1. Create a folder named "Pajak" on your
hard disk "c:". This folder is to hold this web page (and possibly also any other
my web pages). To create such a folder, run a utility program named "Windows
Explorer" or "My Computer", choose "Local Disk (C:)" for the "Address" in this
utility program, then click on "File" in the pull-down menu from this
"Windows Explorer", then click "New", finally choose the command "folder".
Type the name "Pajak" to the new folder that you created on you hard disk.
Later you are to use this folder "Pajak" for storing all my web pages that
you wish to keep in you own computer.
2. Create sub-folders inside of this
main folder named "Pajak". These sub-folders are to contain subsequent kinds
of texts and illustrations displayed or accessed through this web page.
Here is the list of sub-folders that are used by this web page:
cr. It contains the majority of illustrations for this web page.
14. It contains the photograph of the Zhang Heng seismograph,
which originates from my monograph [1/4].
In order to create such sub-folders, again it is
enough to shift the "Windows Explorer" inside of the folder "Pajak"
and then generate them one by one.
3. Save the source code of this web page
in your folder "Pajak". For this, "right click" on your mouse while pointing
it any text area of this web page (e.g. pointing right here). A small menu
should appear, which is to have the option "View Source". Click on this menu
option, and the source code of complete this web page appears in your text
editor named "Notepad". Click on the "File" pull-down menu from this "Notepad"
and choose the option "Save As...". Save the source code from your "Notepad"
using the "mozajski_uk.htm" for the "File name" of this code, while for the
"Save in" pointing at the folder "c:\Pajak" that you created earlier.
Notice that pages called via links from this page, should be saved
under slightly different names, namely: "pajak_jan_uk.htm" for the English version
of the page about myself, "milicz_uk.htm" for the web page on the town Milicz, etc.
In order to save the text of (scrollable) Menu 2, it is necessary to firstly
display it separately by writing in the address window of your browser the
name "menu.htm" attached to the end of current address of this web site.
Only then this "menu.htm" can be saved (in a manner identical as all other
web pages described here).
4. Save illustrations. Right click
separately on each illustration from this web page, then choose the option
"Save Picture As". Almost all illustrations you need to save in the subfolder
"cr" with the exception of "14_n06.jpg" (i.e. the Zhang Heng seismograph)
that you need to save in the folder "14".
Notice that each illustration indicates at the bottom of
the screen the subfolder in which it is to be saved.
5. Run this web page in your computer.
After you save this web page, you can run it in your own computer whenever
you wish, by simple pointing at the file "mozajski_uk.htm" (i.e. the one with
the source code of this web page) using the "Windows Explorer" for this pointing,
and then double clicking at this file. (You can also run this file by pointing
the "Windows Explorer" at it, and then pressing "Enter".) Pages linked with this
one via hyperlinks can also be displayed through clicking on these hyperlinks
while viewing this page, or can be displayed through clicking via the "Windows
Explorer" at their names, means e.g. at "milicz.htm", "milicz_uk.htm",
"mozajski.htm", or "pajak_jan_uk.htm".
6. (Optionally) remove banners. Free
servers on which for the understandable reasons I display all my web sites,
usually insert codes of banners to the source code of web pages that are
displayed on them (frequently codes of these banners contain various irritating
errors which try to make viewing my web pages quite difficult). If these banners
irritate you, you can optionally cut them out from
the source code of this web page, after you save this code in your own computer.
To cut the banners out you need to identify their code (either by addresses
referred in this code and starting from "http://...", or by seeking the
comment type "banner insertion ..." which appears at the beginning and
at the end of the banners' code).
* * *
Date of starting this page: 15 August 2004.
Date of the latest updating of this page: 5 September 2007.
(Check in "Menu 3" whether there is even a more recent update!)
Here are indications of subsequent counters of visits:
Free Hit Counter
Psend kept free because of these great sponsors.a..
and Polish 
)
